Neuronorma Colombia: aportes y características metodológicas / Neuronorma Colombia: Contributions and methodological characteristics

Introducción Al realizar una evaluación neuropsicológica, es necesario contar con datos normativos adecuados; la calidad metodológica de los estudios que los proponen garantiza que las conclusiones sean confiables y válidas. Se presentan las características metodológicas del Proyecto Neuronorma Colombia con el fin de analizar sus aportes y limitaciones. Método Se exponen las características de la muestra normativa, los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, el análisis estadístico de los datos, el procedimiento para la obtención de datos normativos y los instrumentos utilizados. Resultados Se presentan algunos perfiles gráficos de ejecución de casos clínicos, a partir de la Unidad de Trabajo Neuronorma, con el fin de ilustrar la interpretación de los resultados obtenidos al evaluar pacientes con la batería Neuronorma Colombia. Discusión y conclusiones Existen ventajas metodológicas del estudio: su carácter multicéntrico y conormalizado y disponer de la Unidad de Trabajo Neuronorma, que permite obtener perfiles gráficos del desempeño del paciente, herramienta fundamental para el diagnóstico y la investigación. Se presentan los hallazgos de investigaciones posteriores realizadas a partir de los datos normativos propuestos, que son evidencia de la utilidad de la batería. Se discute el aporte de este estudio, en el contexto de sus antecedentes inmediatos. (AU)

Introduction Availability of adequate normative data is essential when performing neuropsychological evaluation; good methodological quality of the studies that propose these data ensures that their conclusions are reliable and valid. We present the methodological characteristics of the Neuronorma Colombia Project in order to analyse its contributions and limitations. Method We present the characteristics of the normative sample, inclusion and exclusion criteria, statistical analysis, the procedure for obtaining normative data, and the instruments used. Results We present graphical profiles of patient performance, based on the Neuronorma Work Unit, to illustrate the interpretation of the results obtained when evaluating patients with the Neuronorma Colombia Battery. Discussion and conclusions Our study presents several methodological advantages, such as its multicentre, co-normalised design and the availability of the Neuronorma Work Unit, which allows the creation of graphical profiles of patient performance, a fundamental tool for diagnosis and research. We present the findings of subsequent research based on the proposed normative data, which demonstrate the value of the battery. The contribution of this study is discussed in the context of its immediate background. (AU)

Neuronorma Colombia: aportes y características metodológicas / Neuronorma Colombia: Contributions and methodological characteristics

Introducción Al realizar una evaluación neuropsicológica, es necesario contar con datos normativos adecuados; la calidad metodológica de los estudios que los proponen garantiza que las conclusiones sean confiables y válidas. Se presentan las características metodológicas del Proyecto Neuronorma Colombia con el fin de analizar sus aportes y limitaciones. Método Se exponen las características de la muestra normativa, los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, el análisis estadístico de los datos, el procedimiento para la obtención de datos normativos y los instrumentos utilizados. Resultados Se presentan algunos perfiles gráficos de ejecución de casos clínicos, a partir de la Unidad de Trabajo Neuronorma, con el fin de ilustrar la interpretación de los resultados obtenidos al evaluar pacientes con la batería Neuronorma Colombia. Discusión y conclusiones Existen ventajas metodológicas del estudio: su carácter multicéntrico y conormalizado y disponer de la Unidad de Trabajo Neuronorma, que permite obtener perfiles gráficos del desempeño del paciente, herramienta fundamental para el diagnóstico y la investigación. Se presentan los hallazgos de investigaciones posteriores realizadas a partir de los datos normativos propuestos, que son evidencia de la utilidad de la batería. Se discute el aporte de este estudio, en el contexto de sus antecedentes inmediatos. (AU)

Introduction Availability of adequate normative data is essential when performing neuropsychological evaluation; good methodological quality of the studies that propose these data ensures that their conclusions are reliable and valid. We present the methodological characteristics of the Neuronorma Colombia Project in order to analyse its contributions and limitations. Method We present the characteristics of the normative sample, inclusion and exclusion criteria, statistical analysis, the procedure for obtaining normative data, and the instruments used. Results We present graphical profiles of patient performance, based on the Neuronorma Work Unit, to illustrate the interpretation of the results obtained when evaluating patients with the Neuronorma Colombia Battery. Discussion and conclusions Our study presents several methodological advantages, such as its multicentre, co-normalised design and the availability of the Neuronorma Work Unit, which allows the creation of graphical profiles of patient performance, a fundamental tool for diagnosis and research. We present the findings of subsequent research based on the proposed normative data, which demonstrate the value of the battery. The contribution of this study is discussed in the context of its immediate background. (AU)

Making cities mental health friendly for adolescents and young adults.

Urban life shapes the mental health of city dwellers, and although cities provide access to health, education and economic gain, urban environments are often detrimental to mental health1,2. Increasing urbanization over the next three decades will be accompanied by a growing population of children and adolescents living in cities3. Shaping the aspects of urban life that influence youth mental health could have an enormous impact on adolescent well-being and adult trajectories4. We invited a multidisciplinary, global group of researchers, practitioners, advocates and young people to complete sequential surveys to identify and prioritize the characteristics of a mental health-friendly city for young people. Here we show a set of ranked characteristic statements, grouped by personal, interpersonal, community, organizational, policy and environmental domains of intervention. Life skills for personal development, valuing and accepting young people's ideas and choices, providing safe public space for social connection, employment and job security, centring youth input in urban planning and design, and addressing adverse social determinants were priorities by domain. We report the adversities that COVID-19 generated and link relevant actions to these data. Our findings highlight the need for intersectoral, multilevel intervention and for inclusive, equitable, participatory design of cities that support youth mental health.

[The comparative evaluation of heterogeneity of urban and rural population aging at the regional level].

The article considers the process of population aging, which is evidently specific in economically developed countries for last quarter of the XX century. The increasing of population size older than able-bodied age in urban and rural population in the Irkutsk Oblast that is demonstrated by aging coefficient dynamic. In all studied territories increasing of this coefficient is revealed that characterizes transition of aging process in most areas of residence of urban and rural population to the level of III-IV stages (old and deeply old population). The dynamics of average age indicator is characterized by its stabilization at the level of stage II as aging population. The pensionary load on urban and rural population is increasing and it is higher in rural population. The increasing of this indicator is reflected in transformation of aging population (stage II) to old and deeply old population (stage III-IV). In most areas, coefficient of longevity is characterized by its increase in urban and rural population. The heterogeneity of aging differences between urban and rural population is smoothing out.

Elementary disruptions? Exploring residential move type, timing, and duration of implications during middle childhood.

Moving is common during middle childhood, but links between move type and children's development are less well understood. Using nationally-representative, longitudinal data (2010-2016) of ~9900 U.S. kindergarteners (52% boys, 51.48% White, 26.11% Hispanic/Latino, 10.63% Black, 11.78% Asian/Pacific Islander), we conducted multiple-group fixed-effects models estimating associations of within- and between-neighborhood moves, family income, and children's achievement and executive function, testing whether associations persisted or varied by developmental timing. Analyses suggest important spatial and temporal dimensions of moving during middle childhood: between-neighborhood moves had stronger associations than within-neighborhood moves, earlier moves benefited development whereas later moves did not, and associations persisted with significant effect sizes (cumulative Hedges' g = -0.09-1.35). Research and policy implications are discussed.

Manual de avaliação multidimensional da pessoa idosa para a atenção primária à saúde: aplicações do IVCF-20 e do ICOPE (Linha de cuidado: saúde da pessoa idosa) / Manual for multidimensional assessment of older people for primary health care: applications of IVCF-20 and ICOPE (Care line: health of older people)

Os sistemas de atenção à saúde se deparam, em escala planetária, com um grave problema estrutural determinado pela fragmentação do cuidado que se explica pela natureza singular da transição da saúde. Essa transição compõe-se de dois movimentos interconectados: a transição das condições de saúde e a transição dos sistemas de saúde. A transição das condições de saúde dá-se no contexto dos sistemas de atenção em duas dimensões principais: a transição demográfica e a transição epidemiológica. A transição demográfica já se completou nos países desenvolvidos e está se dando de forma muito profunda e rápida nos países em desenvolvimento, entre eles o Brasil, como mostram os dados recente do censo. O resultado dessa transição é que a proporção de pessoas idosas vem aumentando rapidamente, levando ao incremento exponencial das condições crônicas e pressionando os custos dos sistemas de atenção à saúde. A outra transição contextual é a epidemiológica, que se expressa no crescimento relativo das condições crônicas na carga de doenças. No Brasil, as doenças crônicas já representam mais de 70% dessa carga. Se considerarmos o conceito de condições crônicas, que engloba todas as condições que exigem dos sistemas de atenção à saúde uma ação proativa, contínua e integrada em redes - o que inclui a atenção à pessoa idosa -, esse percentual chega a aproximadamente 80% da carga total doenças. Como consequência, pode-se estimar que mais de 75% dos gastos do SUS são por condições crônicas. Por outro lado, a transição dos sistemas de atenção à saúde expressa em suas culturas e seus modelos de gestão e de financiamento dá-se de forma lenta e superficial. Essa brecha entre a transição das condições de saúde e a transição dos sistemas de atenção à saúde rompe o princípio fundamental do postulado que indica que deve haver uma coerência entre essas duas formas de transição. Isso leva a uma ruptura que constitui a crise medular dos sistemas de atenção à saúde, que não conseguem se adaptar, oportunamente, ao crescimento das condições crônicas. O resultado é que temos hoje, no Brasil e em todo o mundo, uma incoerência entre uma situação de saúde de tripla carga de doenças, com predomínio relativo forte das condições crônicas e uma resposta social dada por sistemas de atenção à saúde fragmentados, que foram desenvolvidos na metade do século passado. Ou seja, temos um descompasso entre uma situação de saúde do século XXI, sendo respondida por um sistema de atenção à saúde do século XX, que se volta relativamente para a atenção aos eventos agudos. O sistema fragmentado vigente se caracteriza por ser organizado por componentes, por níveis hierárquicos e para a atenção aos eventos agudos, para os indivíduos, de forma reativa, com ênfase em ações curativas, reabilitadoras e no cuidado profissional e sem um ente de coordenação dos fluxos de pessoas, produtos e informações. Esses sistemas fragmentados fracassaram totalmente no enfrentamento das condições crônicas. Pesquisa recente sobre a hipertensão arterial feita por 1200 estudos populacionais e com uma amostra de mais de 1 milhão de pessoas em vários países do mundo mostrou que de cada 100 pessoas menos de 10 delas estavam em tratamento e com a pressão arterial controlada. Não é diferente no Brasil em que estudos evidenciaram que de cada 100 pessoas com diabetes apenas 13 estavam em tratamento e com a glicemia controlada. A conclusão é clara: há que se superar a fragmentação do cuidado para restabelecer a coerência entre a situação de saúde com forte predomínio de condições crônicas e os sistemas de atenção à saúde público e privado em nosso País. Essa mudança não é trivial porque a implica enfrentar a fragmentação do cuidado que é, segundo a teoria da complexidade, um problema perverso (wicked problem). Esses problemas não são meramente complicados ou técnicos e não podem ser resolvidos pela simples aplicação da lógica ou do poder computacional ou pelos programas de melhoria da qualidade, requerendo intervenções amplas de reimaginação, que convocam soluções em redes e inovações disruptivas. Ou seja, impõe-se um movimento de transição do sistema fragmentado para a organização das redes de atenção à saúde que se caracterizam por: um contínuo de atenção, um equilíbrio entre os eventos agudos e as condições crônicas, um foco numa população, uma construção dos sujeitos como agentes de sua saúde, uma ação proativa, um cuidado integrado (promoção, prevenção, cura, reabilitação e paliação), uma ênfase no cuidado interdisciplinar e uma coordenação pela atenção primária.

The interaction effects of automation and population aging on labor market.

Automation and population aging are two major forces that will shape the nature of works in the future. However, it is not clear how these forces will interact with each other and affect the labor market. This paper examines the interaction effects of computerization and population aging on the labor market. We found that computerization and population aging have large and statistically significant effects on employment growth but not earnings growth. Also, their interaction terms are statistically significant only for employment growth but not for earnings growth.

Demography and perturbation analyses of the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Implications for management.

The coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari is the most serious pest of coffee worldwide. Management of the CBB is extremely difficult because its entire life cycle occurs inside the fruit, where it is well protected. Knowing which life stages contribute most to population growth, would shed light on the population dynamics of this pest and help to improve CBB management programs. Two staged-classified matrices were constructed for CBB populations reared in the lab on artificial diets and CBB populations from artificial infestations in the field. Matrices were used to determine demographic parameters, to conduct elasticity analyses, and to perform prospective perturbation analysis. Higher values of the intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) and population growth rate (λ): were observed for CBB populations growing in the lab than in the field (rm: 0.058, λ: 1.74 lab; rm: 0.053, λ: 1.32 field). Sensitivity values for both CBB populations were highest for the transitions from larva to pupa (G2: 0.316 lab, 0.352 field), transition from pupa to juvenile (G3: 0.345 lab, 0.515 field) and survival of adult females (P5: 0.324 lab, 0.389 field); these three vital rates can be important targets for CBB management. Prospective perturbation analyses indicated that an effective management for the CBB should consider multiple developmental stages; perturbations of >90% for each transition are necessary to reduce λ to <1. However, when the three vital rates with highest sensitivity are impacted at the same time, the percentage of perturbation is reduced to 25% for each transition; with these reductions in survival of larvae, pupae and adult females the value of λ was reduced from 1.32 to 0.96. Management programs for CBB should be focused on the use of biological and cultural measures that are known to affect these three important targets.

Aedes-AI: Neural network models of mosquito abundance.

We present artificial neural networks as a feasible replacement for a mechanistic model of mosquito abundance. We develop a feed-forward neural network, a long short-term memory recurrent neural network, and a gated recurrent unit network. We evaluate the networks in their ability to replicate the spatiotemporal features of mosquito populations predicted by the mechanistic model, and discuss how augmenting the training data with time series that emphasize specific dynamical behaviors affects model performance. We conclude with an outlook on how such equation-free models may facilitate vector control or the estimation of disease risk at arbitrary spatial scales.

Encuesta Anual de Hogares 2020: Estructura de la población. Ciudad de Buenos Aires (Informe de resultados, 1604)

El presente informe tiene como objetivo describir la composición de la población que reside en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires (CABA) en base a las variables sexo,edad y lugar de nacimiento. La Ciudad muestra una composición de su población feminizada y envejecida, sin embargo no es homogénea en su interior. Las comunas de la zona Norte son las más envejecidas y por ende las que muestran mayor presencia femenina en su interior, debido a la mayor longevidad de las mujeres. En cambio, las de zona Sur cuentan con mayor cantidad de niñas/os y en conjunto, su índice de masculinidad es más alto que la media de la Ciudad. En las de zona Centro, la estructura de la población se asemeja al total de la Ciudad. Estas diferencias según las distintas divisiones político administrativas y socioespaciales impactan en el nivel de crecimiento de la Ciudad y exponen necesidades específicas relacionadas con la vivienda, salud, seguridad social, mercado de trabajo y educación, entre otras, para cada zona de la Ciudad. En este informe de resultados se difunden las particularidades de la estructura poblacional de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires que surgen de la información obtenida con la Encuesta Anual de Hogares 2020 y se analizan sus características más destacadas. Se incorpora también el análisis de la estructura por zona y condición migratoria. (AU)

The genomic landscape of Mexican Indigenous populations brings insights into the peopling of the Americas.

The genetic makeup of Indigenous populations inhabiting Mexico has been strongly influenced by geography and demographic history. Here, we perform a genome-wide analysis of 716 newly genotyped individuals from 60 of the 68 recognized ethnic groups in Mexico. We show that the genetic structure of these populations is strongly influenced by geography, and our demographic reconstructions suggest a decline in the population size of all tested populations in the last 15-30 generations. We find evidence that Aridoamerican and Mesoamerican populations diverged roughly 4-9.9 ka, around the time when sedentary farming started in Mesoamerica. Comparisons with ancient genomes indicate that the Upward Sun River 1 (USR1) individual is an outgroup to Mexican/South American Indigenous populations, whereas Anzick-1 was more closely related to Mesoamerican/South American populations than to those from Aridoamerica, showing an even more complex history of divergence than recognized so far.

China's low fertility may not hinder future prosperity.

China's low fertility is often presented as a major factor which will hinder its prosperity in the medium to long term. This is based on the assumed negative consequences of an increasing old-age dependency ratio: a simplistic measure of relative changing age structures. Based on this view, policies to increase fertility are being proposed after decades of birth restriction policies. Here, we argue that a purely age structure-based reasoning which disregards labor force participation and education attainment may be highly misleading. While fertility has indeed fallen to low levels, human capital accumulation has been very strong-especially among younger cohorts. Factoring in the effects of labor force participation and educational attainment on productivity, a measure called "productivity-weighted labor force dependency ratio" can more accurately capture the economic implications of demographic change. When using this ratio, a much more optimistic picture of the economic (and social) future of China can be envisaged.

Genomics, social media and mobile phone data enable mapping of SARS-CoV-2 lineages to inform health policy in Bangladesh.

Genomics, combined with population mobility data, used to map importation and spatial spread of SARS-CoV-2 in high-income countries has enabled the implementation of local control measures. Here, to track the spread of SARS-CoV-2 lineages in Bangladesh at the national level, we analysed outbreak trajectory and variant emergence using genomics, Facebook 'Data for Good' and data from three mobile phone operators. We sequenced the complete genomes of 67 SARS-CoV-2 samples (collected by the IEDCR in Bangladesh between March and July 2020) and combined these data with 324 publicly available Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) SARS-CoV-2 genomes from Bangladesh at that time. We found that most (85%) of the sequenced isolates were Pango lineage B.1.1.25 (58%), B.1.1 (19%) or B.1.36 (8%) in early-mid 2020. Bayesian time-scaled phylogenetic analysis predicted that SARS-CoV-2 first emerged during mid-February in Bangladesh, from abroad, with the first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reported on 8 March 2020. At the end of March 2020, three discrete lineages expanded and spread clonally across Bangladesh. The shifting pattern of viral diversity in Bangladesh, combined with the mobility data, revealed that the mass migration of people from cities to rural areas at the end of March, followed by frequent travel between Dhaka (the capital of Bangladesh) and the rest of the country, disseminated three dominant viral lineages. Further analysis of an additional 85 genomes (November 2020 to April 2021) found that importation of variant of concern Beta (B.1.351) had occurred and that Beta had become dominant in Dhaka. Our interpretation that population mobility out of Dhaka, and travel from urban hotspots to rural areas, disseminated lineages in Bangladesh in the first wave continues to inform government policies to control national case numbers by limiting within-country travel.

Long-term trends in the body condition of parents and offspring of Tengmalm's owls under fluctuating food conditions and climate change.

Physical condition is important for the ability to resist various parasites and diseases as well as in escaping predators thus contributing to reproductive success, over-winter survival and possible declines in wildlife populations. However, in-depth research on trends in body condition is rare because decades-long datasets are not available for a majority of species. We analysed the long-term dataset of offspring covering 34 years, male parents (40 years) and female parents (42 years) to find out whether the decline of Tengmalm's owl population in western Finland is attributable to either decreased adult and/or juvenile body condition in interaction with changing weather conditions and density estimates of main foods. We found that body condition of parent owl males and females declined throughout the 40-year study period whereas the body condition of owlets at the fledging stage very slightly increased. The body condition of parent owls increased with augmenting depth of snow cover in late winter (January to March), and that of offspring improved with increasing precipitation in late spring (May to June). We conclude that the decreasing trend of body condition of parent owl males and females is important factor probably inducing reduced adult survival and reduced reproduction success thus contributing to the long-term decline of the Tengmalm's owl study population. The very slightly increasing trend of body condition of offspring is obviously not able to compensate the overall decline of Tengmalm's owl population, because the number of offspring in turn simultaneously decreased considerably in the long-term. The ongoing climate change appeared to work in opposite ways in this case because declining depth of snow cover will make the situation worse but increased precipitation will improve. We suggest that the main reasons for long-term decline of body condition of parent owls are interactive or additive effects of reduced food resources and increased overall predation risk due to habitat degradation (loss and fragmentation of mature and old-growth forests due to clear-felling) subsequently leading to decline of Tengmalm's owl study population.

ODT FLOW: Extracting, analyzing, and sharing multi-source multi-scale human mobility.

In response to the soaring needs of human mobility data, especially during disaster events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, and the associated big data challenges, we develop a scalable online platform for extracting, analyzing, and sharing multi-source multi-scale human mobility flows. Within the platform, an origin-destination-time (ODT) data model is proposed to work with scalable query engines to handle heterogenous mobility data in large volumes with extensive spatial coverage, which allows for efficient extraction, query, and aggregation of billion-level origin-destination (OD) flows in parallel at the server-side. An interactive spatial web portal, ODT Flow Explorer, is developed to allow users to explore multi-source mobility datasets with user-defined spatiotemporal scales. To promote reproducibility and replicability, we further develop ODT Flow REST APIs that provide researchers with the flexibility to access the data programmatically via workflows, codes, and programs. Demonstrations are provided to illustrate the potential of the APIs integrating with scientific workflows and with the Jupyter Notebook environment. We believe the platform coupled with the derived multi-scale mobility data can assist human mobility monitoring and analysis during disaster events such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and benefit both scientific communities and the general public in understanding human mobility dynamics.

Research on multi-objective optimal scheduling considering the balance of labor workload distribution.

In order to solve the problem of unbalanced workload of employees in parallel flow shop scheduling, a method of job standard balance is proposed to describe the work balance of employees. The minimum delay time of completion and the imbalance of employee work are taken as the two goals of the model. A bi-objective nonlinear integer programming model is proposed. NSGA-II-EDSP, NSGA-II-KES, and NSGA-II-QKES heuristic rule algorithms are designed to solve the problem. A number of computational experiments of different sizes are conducted, and compared with solutions generated by NSGA-II. The experimental results show the advantages of the proposed model and method, which error is reduced 14.56%, 15.16% and 15.67%.